Linux system administrator's work experience sharing

With the expansion of Linux applications, many friends have begun to contact Linux. According to the experience of learning Windwos, there are often some feelings of ignorance: I don't know where to start learning. As a Linux system administrator, I have read many documents and books about Linux and have worked hard to learn Linux. After really getting a formal Linux system management job, I got a deeper understanding of the soul of Linux: service and multi-user. Linux system knowledge is very extensive, but as long as you master the key knowledge, managing it is not as terrible as you think. In the following, I will systematically introduce some of my work experience and lessons learned as a system administrator.

First, the purpose of learning

The purpose of learning UNIX through Linux learning must not have to say more, in this era of network talent value multiplication, want to rely on technology to eat and do not want to master the network and programming Technology is not wise. When a person first heard about Linux and was eager to try, how many would it be? What is it (What)? Why use it (Why)? How to learn it (How)? As a major component of the open source movement, Linux is becoming more and more widely used, from our usual entertainment and learning, to business, government office, to large-scale computing applications. In order to meet people's needs, a variety of Linux-based applications are emerging. As long as you have the basic skills of LinuX and have the ability to self-learn, you can master the special content through long-term learning.

Second, starting from the beginning of the command

Often some friends contact Linux to hope to build a website, did not even think about understanding the basics of Linux. This is quite difficult. Although the Linux desktop application is developing rapidly, the command still has a strong vitality in Linux. Linux is a command line composed of operating systems, the essence of which is in the command line. No matter what level of graphical interface development, this principle will not change. Linux commands have many powerful functions: from simple disk operations, file access, to The production of complex multimedia images and streaming media files. Here, the author introduces the more important and frequently used commands into the system according to their role in the system. Through these basic commands, we can further understand the Linux system:

Installation and login commands: login, shutdown, halt, reboot, mount, umount, chsh

● File processing commands: file, mkdir, grep, dd, find, mv, ls, diff, cat, ln

●System management related commands: df, top, free, quota, at, lp, adduser, groupaddkill, crontab, tar, unzip, gunzip, last

● Network operation commands: ifconfig, ip, Ping, netstat, telnet, ftp, route, rloginrcp, finger, mail, nslookup

● System security related commands: passwd, su, umask, chgrp, chmod, chown, chattr, sudo, pswho

Third, choose a good Linux book

In the forum or reader feedback, we often see the most problem is a newbie, encountered a specific process in the process of installing or using linux The problem began to ask questions, many of which are repetitive problems, even many people even the basic description of the problem are not very clear. This shows that many people who are new to Linux have not yet mastered the basic skills. How can I quickly improve the basic skills of mastering Linux? The most effective way is to learn the authoritative linux reference book, which is very important for learners. A toolbook of misconceptions will make the novice go astray. At present, there are many books about linux in China, but there are not many boutiques. I strongly recommend reading the photocopy of the original linux book & rdquo;, and the publisher also provides a very good road map.

Fourth, develop work under the command line

Be sure to develop the habit of working under the command line, you must know that X-window is just an application running in command line mode. Learning at the command line Although the progress is slow at first, but after familiarization, your future learning path will grow in an exponential manner. From the network administrator, the command line is actually a rule, it is always effective, but also flexible. Even with a slow modem line, it can handle remote systems thousands of kilometers away.

V. Thinking Linux with Unix Thinking

Since Linux is designed with reference to Unix thinking, understanding and mastering it must be done in Unix thinking, not in Windows thinking. It is undeniable that a large part of the success of windows in the market lies in the uniqueness of technical thinking. However, this innovation is carried out on the premise of facing individual users, and in the face of enterprise-level service applications, it is still somewhat powerless. For many years in the field of computer operating systems has always been the two: Unix in the server field, Windows in the field of individual users. It can be seen that the user requirements determine the operating system used. For whatever reason, if you want to learn Linux, you should first drag your mind out of Windows's "small river" into the ocean of Unix.

Six, learning the shell

For the Shell (Chinese name shell), the readers who are used to Windows must be very strange, because Windows has only one "Shell" (if it can be said to be Shell) That is Windows itself. An easy-to-understand explanation in one sentence is that the shell is the intermediary between the user input command and the system interpretation command. The most intuitive statement is that a shell has its own set of commands. To give an easy-to-understand example, the standard Shel for Linux is BashShel; the shell for Solaris is Bshell; the shell for Linux is represented by the command line. Readers may not understand, Windows from the command line "evolution" to the graphical interface, then Linux is still using the command line is not a backwards?

I had this idea when I first came into contact with Linux. However, it was later discovered that if a graphical interface is used, fewer resources are allocated to the application software, and on an expensive server, it is important to be able to implement the same functionality in a lower hardware configuration.

Be sure to get into the habit of working at the command line, knowing that X-window is just an application that runs in command line mode. Learning at the command line Although the progress is slow at first, but after familiarization, your future learning path will grow in an exponential manner. From the network administrator, the command line is actually a rule, it is always effective, but also flexible. Even with a slow modem line, it can handle remote systems thousands of kilometers away.

Seven, diligent in practice

To increase your own Linux skills, only through practice. So, hurry up and find a computer, quickly install a Linux distribution, and then enter the wonderful Linux world. I believe that your own Linux ability will inevitably be a big gain. In addition, the human brain is not like the hard disk of a computer. Unless the hard disk is broken or the data is erased by you, the stored data will be stored in the hard disk forever and immediately. In the curve of human memory, you have to repeat the practice to remember one thing more familiar.

Similarly, learning Linux is the same. If you can't learn often, learn the latter and forget the front. Once you are familiar with Linux commands, you can start building a small Linux network. This is the best practice. Linux is synonymous with the network, Linux network service is very powerful, whether it is a mail server, Web server, DNS server, etc. are very perfect. Of course you don't need to build all the services, you can take it slowly. It should be noted that this Linux network can have two or three computers for beginners. Do yourself more, don't wait for others to help you solve the problem.

VIII, learn to use the document

Unlike the private operating system, the technical support time of each Linux distribution is shorter, which is often not enough for Linux beginners. In fact, when you have installed a full Linux system, it already contains a powerful help, but you may not have discovered and used them. Mainstream Linux distributions come with very detailed documentation (including man pages and FAQs), from system installation to system security, for detailed documentation of people at different levels, and 40% of problems can be resolved after careful reading of the documentation. Check out the classic reference books and Howto, especially Howto is the world's tens of thousands of Linux, Unix experience summary is very valuable, usually 40% of the problem can also be solved. When installing a new software, first look at the README, then look at INSTALL and then look at the FAQ, and finally install it, so that you will know why. If the documentation does not look, the result is a problem and then go to the forum to find the answer instead of wasting time.

When looking for a document, be sure to see what version, what environment, and what kind of state the document appears in. For the validity of the document, it is impossible to know the conclusion before the operation. If you read a related article for a topic or problem, it will save a lot of time, and you can also guarantee the environment of “clean” as much as possible. Effectively avoid more problems caused by different operations. Carefully check the results of each step and output during operation, and try to keep consistent with the documentation.

IX. Getting help in the Linux forum

If the above measures don't solve the problem, you need the help of the Linux community. What needs to be explained is that you have to think thoughtfully, prepare your questions, and don't ask questions rashly, otherwise you will only get a hasty answer or no answer at all. The more you show your efforts to solve problems before asking for help, the more you can get substantial help. It's a good idea to first search the forum for articles you need. This can get twice the result with half the effort.

You need to provide accurate and effective information. This is not to ask you to simply extract a ton of error code or data completely into your question. If you have large and complex test conditions, try to cut it as small as possible. Maybe you will encounter this situation, there will be different content answers for a question, then you need to verify by practice. It is also an option to ask this question in other Linux communities for help. If you don't get an answer, don't think we can't help you. Sometimes people who just see your problem don't know the answer. It is a good choice to change to a community at this time.

X. Learning English

If you want to learn Linux in depth, you can't read it because the documentation is too difficult. The best and most comprehensive documents written are written in English, and the first technical information published is also written in English. Even people in non-English speaking countries publish technical documents, first translated into English and published in international academic journals and online.

With man, info and other commands, you can quickly get the required commands and operating methods from the online help. Don't be afraid of massive system help. If you read a few man or info documents, you will find that these help are almost always written in a fixed format as a command name, parameters, parameter descriptions, usage examples, references, and so on. When English becomes a habit, you will consciously find or subscribe to English materials of interest on the Internet. In this way, I have already synchronized with the world without knowing it.

XI. Sharing your experience in the community

With the expansion of Linux applications, there have been many Linux communities. Some of them are very good communities: Shuimu Tsinghua, and some of them are very good communities: www.linuxforum.net (the highest level GNU site in China), http://www.chinaunix.net/(the largest Unix technology community in China) With the continuous accumulation of knowledge, you can solve the problems that some of the predecessors did not encounter and write the documents to share with other readers on the network. At this time, it became a "master". Linux users are generally professionals, they have a good computer background and are willing to assist others, Linux masters have a cultural spirit to encourage novices.